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الْمَلِكُ

al-Malik

The King

الغنيُّ عن كلِّ شيء، ولا يستغني عنه شيء Who needs nothing, and without whom nothing can be

‏‏‏‏ ‏‏ ‏‏‏‏‏ ‏‏‏‏

So high is Allah, the Sovereign, the Truth. Ṭā-Hā 20:114

يَقْبِضُ اللَّهُ الأَرْضَ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ، وَيَطْوِي السَّمَاءَ بِيَمِينِهِ ثُمَّ يَقُولُ أَنَا الْمَلِكُ أَيْنَ مُلُوكُ الأَرْضِ

Allah will grasp the earth on the Day of Resurrection and fold up the heaven in His right hand, and then He will say: “I am the King. Where are the kings of the earth?” Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 7382 · Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 2787

في اللغة The word

أصلُ المُلك في كلام العرب الشدُّ والربط: يقال مَلَكتُ العجينَ إذا شددتُ عجنه وبالغتُ فيه، ومنه سُمّي عقدُ النكاح «إملاكًا» لأنه يربط الوُصلة بين الزوجين. والمَلِكُ مبالغةٌ من المالك كالعليم من العالم: هو التامُّ المُلك، الجامعُ لأصناف المملوكات، النافذُ الأمر في ملكه، إذ ليس كلُّ مالكٍ ينفذ أمرُه وتصرّفُه فيما يملك؛ ولذلك قيل: المَلِكُ أعمُّ من المالك. ومصدرُ المَلِك «المُلْك» بضمّ الميم، ومصدرُ المالك «المِلْك» بكسرها. وقد يُسمّى بعضُ المخلوقين مَلِكًا إذا اتّسع مُلكُه، غير أنّ المستحقّ لهذا الاسم على الحقيقة هو اللهُ وحده، مالكُ المُلك كلِّه، يهبه لمن شاء ويسلبه ممّن شاء.

The root of mulk in Arabic is binding and making fast: malaktu al-ʿajīn is said when you knead dough hard until it holds together, and a marriage contract is called imlāk because it binds husband and wife. Malik, “king”, is the intensive of mālik, “owner”, as ʿalīm is of ʿālim. It is the one whose dominion is complete, who holds every kind of thing that can be owned, and whose command runs through all he owns — for not every owner’s command is carried out in what he owns, which is why “king” is said to be the wider of the two words. The king’s dominion is called mulk, the owner’s possession milk. A creature may be called a king when his realm is wide, but the one who deserves the name in truth is Allah alone, the Owner of all dominion, who gives it to whom He wills and takes it from whom He wills.

في حقّه سبحانه Of Him

هو الذي لا حاجة به إلى شيء، وكلُّ شيءٍ محتاجٌ إليه في وجوده وبقائه وكلِّ حال من أحواله، فكلُّ ما سواه مملوكٌ له في ذاته وصفاته. وحقيقةُ المُلك عند أهل التحقيق القدرةُ على الإبداع والإنشاء؛ فلا مالكَ في الحقيقة إلا الله، وهو في غيره مجاز. وملوكُ الأرض إنما استفادوا التصرّف في ممالكهم من جهته، فهو مالكُ المالكين، يُعيرهم الملك إلى أجلٍ ثمّ يستردّه. وفي الحديث المذكور هنا مشهدُ ذلك يوم القيامة: يقبض الأرضَ ويطوي السماء، ثمّ يقول: «أنا الملك، أين ملوكُ الأرض؟». وقال بعضُ المشايخ: وبالخلق كمُل ظهورُ مُلكه، لا حاجةً منه إليهم، ولكن ليُعرَف أنه الملك.

He is the One who needs nothing at all, while everything needs Him — for its existence, for its continuing, and in every state it passes through; so everything other than Him is His possession, in its very self and its qualities. The people of realisation say that true kingship is the power to originate and bring into being; so there is no owner in truth but Allah, and in anyone else the word is a loan. The kings of the earth drew their power over their realms from Him alone; He is the Owner of all owners, who lends them dominion for a term and then takes it back. The ḥadīth given here shows the scene on the Day of Resurrection: He grasps the earth and folds up the heaven, then says, “I am the King — where are the kings of the earth?” One of the masters said: His kingship shows itself fully through creation — not because He needs creation, but so that He may be known as the King.

حظُّ العبد The servant’s share

ليس للعبد أن يكون مَلِكًا على الإطلاق، فهو أبدًا فقيرٌ إلى مولاه؛ ولكنّ له مملكةً صغيرةً أُمر بسياستها: قلبُه وجوارحُه وخواطرُه. فإذا ساسها بأمر الله فأطاعته ولم يطعها، كان ملكًا في عالَمه وإن لبس المرقّعة، وإذا ملكته شهوتُه كان عبدًا وإن جلس على السرير. ومن عرف أنّ الله متفرّدٌ بالمُلك لم يُذِلّ وجهَه لمخلوق، ولم يُضِف شيئًا إلى نفسه؛ فلا يقول: بي، ولا لي، ولا منّي؛ ولهذا قيل: التوحيدُ إسقاطُ الياءات. وأعلى ملوك الأرض الأنبياءُ، ثمّ العلماءُ ورثتُهم: استغنَوا عن الناس بالله، واحتاج الناسُ إليهم في الهداية.

A servant can never be a king without qualification; he is forever in need of his Master. But he has been given a small kingdom to govern: his heart, his limbs and his passing thoughts. If he rules it by Allah’s command, so that it obeys him and he does not obey it, he is a king in his own world even in a patched cloak; if his desire rules him, he is a slave even on a throne. Whoever knows that kingship is Allah’s alone will not lower his face before a creature, and will not claim anything as his own — he does not say “by me”, “mine”, “from me”. That is why it was said: tawḥīd is dropping the letter yāʾ, the “my” of the self. The greatest kings on earth are the prophets, and after them the scholars, their heirs: they needed no one but Allah, and everyone needed them for guidance.

ذوقٌ وإشارة A taste

قال بعضُ الأمراء لرجلٍ من الصالحين: سلني حاجتك. فقال: أتقول لي هذا ولي عبدان هما سيّداك؟ قال: ومن هما؟ قال: الحرصُ والهوى؛ فقد غلبتُهما وغلباك، وملكتُهما وملكاك. وقال رجلٌ لبعض الشيوخ: أوصني. فقال: كن ملكًا في الدنيا تكن ملكًا في الآخرة. قال: وكيف؟ قال: ازهد في الدنيا؛ ومعناه: اقطع حاجتك وشهوتك عنها، فإنّ المُلك في الحرّية والاستغناء. وقيل فيما شكر به يوسفُ عليه السلام ربَّه من المُلك الذي آتاه: إنه أراد مُلكَه على نفسه حين لم يطع شهوته. فالمَلِكُ الحقُّ من العباد من لم يملكه أحدٌ إلا الله.

A prince once said to a man of Allah, “Ask me for whatever you need.” He replied, “You say this to me, when I have two slaves who are your masters?” “Who are they?” “Greed and whim: I have mastered them, and they have mastered you; I own them, and they own you.” Someone asked one of the shaykhs for counsel. He said, “Be a king in this world and you will be a king in the next.” “How?” “Do without the world” — that is, cut your need and your craving off from it, for kingship lies in freedom and in needing nothing. And of Yūsuf, peace be upon him, when he thanked his Lord for the dominion He had given him, it was said that he meant his mastery over himself on the day he did not obey his desire. The true king among servants is the one whom no one owns but Allah.

بألسنة الأئمة In their own words

الملك هو الذي يستغني في ذاته وصفاته عن كل موجود ويحتاج إليه كل موجود بل لا يستغني عنه شيء في شيء لا في ذاته ولا في صفاته ولا في وجوده ولا في بقائه بل كل شيء فوجوده منه أو مما هو منه فكل شيء سواه هو له مملوك في ذاته وصفاته وهو مستغن عن كل شيء فهذا هو الملك مطلقا

Al-Malik is the One who, in His Essence and His attributes, has no need of anything that exists, while everything that exists has need of Him. Indeed, nothing can do without Him in anything — not in its essence, not in its attributes, not in its existence, not in its continuing. Everything has its existence from Him, or from what is from Him. So everything besides Him is owned by Him in its essence and its attributes, and He needs nothing at all. This is the King without qualification.

Imam al-Ghazālī, al-Maqṣad al-Asnā, p. 66 الإمام أبو حامد الغزالي، المقصد الأسنى في شرح معاني أسماء الله الحسنى، ص ٦٦

وإنما مملكته الخاصة به قلبه وقالبه وجنده شهوته وغضبه وهواه ورعيته لسانه وعيناه ويداه وسائر أعضائه فإذا ملكها ولم تملكه وأطاعته ولم يطعها فقد نال درجة الملك في عالمه

His own kingdom is his heart and his body. His army is his desire, his anger and his whims; his subjects are his tongue, his eyes, his hands and the rest of his limbs. If he rules them and they do not rule him, if they obey him and he does not obey them, he has reached the rank of kingship in his own world.

Imam al-Ghazālī, al-Maqṣad al-Asnā, p. 67 الإمام أبو حامد الغزالي، المقصد الأسنى في شرح معاني أسماء الله الحسنى، ص ٦٧

وتحقيق الملك عند أهل التحقيق القدرة على الإبداع والإنشاء، فلا مالك في الحقيقة إلا الله وفي غيره مجاز، فإذا ثبت لزم العبد أن يتبرأ من الإضافة إلى نفسه، فلا يقول بي ولا لي ولا مني، ولهذا قيل: التوحيد إسقاط الياءات يعني ياءات الإضافة إلى نفسه

The people of realisation hold that true kingship is the power to originate and bring into being. So there is no owner in truth but Allah; in anyone else it is a figure of speech. Once this is established, the servant must disown any claim for himself: he does not say “by me”, “mine”, or “from me”. That is why it was said: tawḥīd is dropping the yāʾs — meaning the yāʾs by which a man ties things to himself.

Imam al-Qushayrī, at-Taḥbīr fi-t-Tadhkīr, p. 38 الإمام أبو القاسم القشيري، التحبير في التذكير، ص ٣٨

The English beside each quotation is ours. Clear misprints in the printed editions are corrected.