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الْمُغْنِي
al-Mughnī
The Enricher
الذي جبر مفاقرَ الخلق، وساق إليهم أرزاقهم، وأغناهم بعضَهم عن بعض، وأغنى خواصَّه عمّن سواه Who mends the wants of creation, drives their provision to them, spares them from needing one another, and makes His elect independent of all but Him
أَنَّ نَاسًا مِنَ الأَنْصَارِ سَأَلُوا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَأَعْطَاهُمْ، ثُمَّ سَأَلُوهُ فَأَعْطَاهُمْ، حَتَّى نَفِدَ مَا عِنْدَهُ فَقَالَ مَا يَكُونُ عِنْدِي مِنْ خَيْرٍ فَلَنْ أَدَّخِرَهُ عَنْكُمْ، وَمَنْ يَسْتَعْفِفْ يُعِفَّهُ اللَّهُ، وَمَنْ يَسْتَغْنِ يُغْنِهِ اللَّهُ، وَمَنْ يَتَصَبَّرْ يُصَبِّرْهُ اللَّهُ، وَمَا أُعْطِيَ أَحَدٌ عَطَاءً خَيْرًا وَأَوْسَعَ مِنَ الصَّبْرِ
في اللغة The word
المُغني اسمُ فاعلٍ من أغنى، والهمزةُ فيه للتعدية: أي جعله غنيًّا. قال الخطّابي: هو الذي جبر مفاقرَ الخلق، وساق إليهم أرزاقهم، وأغناهم عمّن سواه؛ ويكون المُغني بمعنى الكافي، من الغَناء ممدودًا مفتوحَ الغين، وهو الكفاية. وقال الزجّاج: هو الذي أغنى الخلقَ بأن جعل لهم أموالًا وبنين. وقال القشيري في لطائفه على آية النجم المذكورة أعلاه: أغنى أعطى الغنى، وأقنى أكثر القِنية أي المال؛ ويقال: أغنى أي أقنع، وأقنى أي أرضى.
Mughnī is the active participle of aghnā, the hamzah making the verb pass to another: He makes someone ghanī. Al-Khaṭṭābī says: He is the One who mends the wants of creation, drives their provision to them and makes them free of need of any but Him; and al-Mughnī may mean the Sufficer, from ghanāʾ with a long vowel and fatḥah on the ghayn, which is sufficiency. Az-Zajjāj says: He is the One who enriched creation by giving them wealth and children. Al-Qushayrī says in his Laṭāʾif on the verse of al-Najm above: aghnā — He gave wealth; aqnā — He made possessions many. And it is said: aghnā, He gave contentment; aqnā, He made content with it.
في حقّه سبحانه Of Him
قال الغزالي: والله هو المُغني أيضًا، ولكنّ الذي أغناه لا يُتصوّر أن يصير بإغنائه غنيًّا مطلقًا، فإنّ أقلَّ أموره أنه محتاجٌ إلى المُغني، فلا يكون غنيًّا، بل يستغني عن غير الله بأن يمدّه بما يحتاج إليه، لا بأن يقطع عنه أصلَ الحاجة. وقال القشيري: المُغني معطي الغنى لعباده، ويكون بمعنى معطي الكفاية أيضًا، والله تعالى مُغنٍ عبادَه بعضَهم عن بعض، لأنّ الحوائج على الحقيقة لا تكون إلا إليه، فالمخلوق لا يملك لنفسه نفعًا ولا ضرًّا، فكيف يملك ذلك لغيره؟ ولهذا قيل: تعلّقُ الخلق بالخلق تعلّقُ المسجون بالمسجون.
Al-Ghazālī says: Allah is al-Mughnī as well; but one whom He enriches cannot be conceived to become absolutely rich by it, for the least of his states is that he needs the Enricher, and so is not rich. Rather, he is freed from needing any but Allah by His supplying what he needs — not by His cutting off the root of need. Al-Qushayrī says: al-Mughnī is the Giver of wealth to His servants, and may mean the Giver of sufficiency too. Allah, exalted is He, spares His servants from needing one another, for in truth needs go only to Him; a creature has no power to benefit or harm himself — how then should he have it for another? So it was said: a creature clinging to a creature is a prisoner clinging to a prisoner.
حظُّ العبد The servant’s share
في الحديث أعلاه: «ومن يستغنِ يُغنِه الله»؛ فالإغناءُ جوابٌ لطلب الغنى بالله. وقال القشيري: من رفع حاجته إلى الله تعالى ثم رجع عنه إلى غيره ابتلاه بالحاجة إلى الخلق، ثم نزع رحمتَه من قلوبهم؛ ومن شهد افتقاره إلى الله تعالى فرجع إليه عند حاجته أغناه من حيث لم يحتسب، وأعطاه من حيث لم يرتقب. فحظُّ العبد من هذا الاسم أن يتعفّف عمّا في أيدي الناس، ويستغني بربّه، فإذا أغناه الله بمالٍ جعله سببًا لإغناء غيره، فكان مُغنيًا بإذن المُغني.
In the ḥadīth above: “whoever seeks to be free of need, Allah makes him free of need” — His enriching answers the seeking of wealth in Him. Al-Qushayrī says: whoever raises his need to Allah, exalted is He, and then turns from Him to another, is tried with needing creatures, and then He takes mercy for him out of their hearts; whoever witnesses his poverty before Allah, exalted is He, and returns to Him in his need, He enriches from where he did not reckon, and gives from where he did not expect. The servant’s share in this name is to keep from what is in people’s hands and to be rich through his Lord; and when Allah enriches him with wealth, to make it a means of enriching others — an enricher by the leave of the Enricher.
ذوقٌ وإشارة A taste
قال القشيري: وإغناءُ الله تعالى عبادَه على قسمين: فمنهم من يُغنيه بتنمية أمواله، وهم العوامّ، وهو غنًى مجازيّ؛ ومنهم من يُغنيه بتصفية أحواله، وهم الخواصّ، وهو الغنى الحقيقيّ؛ لأنّ احتياج الخلق إلى همّة صاحب الحال أكثرُ من احتياجهم إلى لقمة صاحب المال. وختم النبيُّ ﷺ الحديثَ المذكور أعلاه بأنه ما أُعطي أحدٌ عطاءً خيرًا وأوسع من الصبر؛ فأوسعُ الغنى ما كان في القلب: صبرٌ يُغني عن الشكوى، وقناعةٌ تُغني عن الطلب، ورضًا يُغني عن كلّ ما سوى الربّ.
Al-Qushayrī says: Allah’s enriching of His servants is of two kinds. Some He enriches by making their wealth grow — the common folk — and that is wealth in figure; some He enriches by purifying their states — the elect — and that is wealth in truth; for people need the aspiration of the one with a state more than they need the morsel of the one with wealth. The Prophet ﷺ closed the ḥadīth above by saying that no one was ever given a gift better or wider than patience. The widest wealth is the wealth of the heart: a patience that makes complaint needless, a contentment that makes asking needless, and a good pleasure that makes everything but the Lord needless.
بألسنة الأئمة In their own words
هو المغني أيضا ولكن الذي أغناه لا يتصور أن يصير بإغنائه غنيا مطلقا فإن أقل أموره أنه محتاج إلى المغني فلا يكون غنيا بل يستغني عن غير الله بأن يمده بما يحتاج إليه لا بأن يقطع عنه أصل الحاجة والغني الحقيقي هو الذي لا حاجة له إلى أحد أصلا والذي يحتاج ومعه ما يحتاج فهو غني بالمجاز وهو غاية ما يدخل في الإمكان في حق غير الله سبحانه وتعالى وأما فقد الحاجة فلا ولكن إذا لم يبق حاجة إلا إلى الله تعالى سمي غنيا ولو لم يبق له أصل الحاجة لما صح قوله تعالى: ﴿والله الغني وأنتم الفقراء﴾ ولولا أنه يتصور أن يستغني عن كل شيء سوى الله عز وجل لما صح لله تعالى وصف المغني
He is al-Mughnī as well; but one whom He enriches cannot be conceived to become absolutely rich by His enriching, for the least of his states is that he needs the Enricher, and so he is not rich. Rather, he is freed from needing any but Allah by His supplying what he needs, not by His cutting off the root of need. The truly Rich is One who needs no one at all; one who is in need and has what he needs is rich in figure — and that is the utmost that can be for any but Allah, glory be to Him. As for the loss of need, no; but when no need is left in him except for Allah, exalted is He, he is called rich. Were the root of need gone from him, His saying, exalted is He, would not hold true: and Allah is the Free of need, while you are the needy. And were it inconceivable that he be freed from needing everything besides Allah, Mighty and Majestic, the description “the Enricher” would not hold true of Allah, exalted is He.
المغني: هو الذي جبر مفاقر الخلق وساق إليهم أرزاقهم وأغناهم عمن سواه، كقوله تعالى: (وأنه هو أغنى وأقنى). ويكون المغني بمعنى الكافي من الغناء، ممدودا مفتوحة الغين، وهو الكفاية
Al-Mughnī is the One who mends the wants of creation, drives their provision to them and makes them free of need of any but Him, as He says, exalted is He: it is He who enriches and suffices. And al-Mughnī may mean the Sufficer, from ghanāʾ with a long vowel and fatḥah on the ghayn, which is sufficiency.
المغني معطي الغنى لعباده، ويكون بمعنى معطي الكفاية أيضا، والله تعالى مغن عباده بعضهم عن بعض لأن الحوائج — على الحقيقة — لا تكون إلا إليه، فالمخلوق لا يملك لنفسه نفعا ولا ضرا، فكيف يملك ذلك لغيره؟ ولهذا قيل: تعلق الخلق بالخلق تعلق المسجون بالمسجون. وقيل: من رفع حاجته إلى الله تعالى ثم رجع عن حاجته إليه إلى غيره ابتلاه بالحاجة إلى الخلق ثم نزع رحمته من قلوبهم، ومن شهد افتقاره إلى الله تعالى فرجع إليه عند حاجته، أغناه من حيث لم يحتسب، وأعطاه من حيث لم يرتقب. وإغناء الله تعالى عباده على قسمين: فمنهم من يغنيه بتنمية أمواله وهم العوام — وهو غنى مجازي، ومنهم من يغنيه بتصفية أحواله وهم الخواص — وهو الغنى الحقيقي، لأن احتياج الخلق إلى همة صاحب الحال أكثر من احتياجهم إلى لقمة صاحب المال
Al-Mughnī is the Giver of wealth to His servants, and may mean the Giver of sufficiency too. Allah, exalted is He, spares His servants from needing one another, for needs — in truth — go only to Him; a creature has no power to benefit or harm himself, so how should he have it for another? So it was said: a creature clinging to a creature is a prisoner clinging to a prisoner. And it is said: whoever raises his need to Allah, exalted is He, and then turns from Him to another, He tries with needing creatures, and then takes His mercy out of their hearts; and whoever witnesses his poverty before Allah, exalted is He, and returns to Him in his need, He enriches from where he did not reckon and gives from where he did not expect. Allah’s enriching of His servants is of two kinds: some He enriches by making their wealth grow — the common folk — and that is wealth in figure; and some He enriches by purifying their states — the elect — and that is true wealth; for people need the aspiration of the one with a state more than the morsel of the one with wealth.
The English beside each quotation is ours. Clear misprints in the printed editions are corrected.