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الْمُهَيْمِنُ
al-Muhaymin
The Watchful Guardian
القائمُ على خلقه، المطّلعُ عليهم، الحافظُ لهم Standing over His creation — seeing, governing, preserving
قَالَ مَا الإِحْسَانُ قَالَ أَنْ تَعْبُدَ اللَّهَ كَأَنَّكَ تَرَاهُ، فَإِنْ لَمْ تَكُنْ تَرَاهُ فَإِنَّهُ يَرَاكَ
في اللغة The word
فُسّر المهيمنُ على وجوهٍ متقاربة: فقيل هو الشاهد، ومنه وصفُ القرآن بأنه مهيمنٌ على ما قبله من الكتب، أي شاهدٌ عليها، وتقول العرب: فلانٌ مُهيمِني على فلان، أي شاهدي عليه. وقيل هو الأمين، وأصلُه «مُؤَيْمِن» قُلبت همزتُه هاءً لأنّ الهاء أخفّ، كما قالوا: أرقتُ الماء وهرقته، وإيّاك وهِيّاك؛ ولم يأتِ «مُفَيْعِل» في غير التصغير إلا في أحرفٍ قليلة: مُهيمِن، ومُسيطِر، ومُبيطِر. وقيل: هو الرقيبُ الحافظ، والهيمنةُ القيامُ على الشيء والرعايةُ له. وذهب بعضُهم إلى أنه اسمٌ غيرُ مشتقّ.
Muhaymin has been explained in several close ways. It is the Witness: the Qurʾān is called muhaymin over the scriptures before it, meaning a witness over them, and the Arabs say “so-and-so is my muhaymin against so-and-so”, meaning my witness. It is the Trustworthy: its first form was muʾaymin, whose hamzah turned into a hāʾ because hāʾ is lighter — as they say both araqtu and haraqtu for pouring water, and both iyyāka and hiyyāka. The pattern mufayʿil hardly occurs outside diminutives except in a few words: muhaymin, musayṭir and mubayṭir. It is also the Watcher and Keeper, for haymanah means standing over something and tending it. And some held that it is a Name with no root at all.
في حقّه سبحانه Of Him
قال الغزالي: معناه في حقّ الله أنه القائمُ على خلقه بأعمالهم وأرزاقهم وآجالهم، وإنما قيامُه عليهم باطّلاعه واستيلائه وحفظه؛ فالإشرافُ يرجع إلى العلم، والاستيلاءُ إلى كمال القدرة، والحفظُ إلى الفعل، والجامعُ بين هذه المعاني هو المهيمن، ولن تجتمع على الإطلاق والكمال إلا لله. فهو شاهدٌ على كلّ نفسٍ وما عملت، لا يغيب عنه قولٌ ولا فعلٌ ولا خاطر، قائمٌ على كلّ شيءٍ بما يُصلحه، حافظٌ له في كلّ طرفة عين؛ ولذلك قيل: إنه من أسماء الله في الكتب القديمة.
Al-Ghazālī says: in Allah’s case it means that He stands over His creation — over their deeds, their provision and their appointed terms — and that He stands over them by seeing them, by holding them in His power and by preserving them. Seeing belongs to knowledge, holding to perfect power, preserving to action; the Name that gathers all three is al-Muhaymin, and they meet completely and without limit in Allah alone. He is witness over every soul and all it does: no word, deed or passing thought is hidden from Him; He stands over everything with what sets it right, and keeps it in every blink of an eye. That is why it has been said to be one of Allah’s Names in the earlier scriptures.
حظُّ العبد The servant’s share
قال الغزالي: كلُّ عبدٍ راقب قلبَه حتى أشرف على أغواره وأسراره، واستولى مع ذلك على تقويم أحواله وأوصافه، وقام بحفظها على الدوام، فهو مهيمنٌ بالإضافة إلى قلبه؛ فإن اتّسع إشرافُه حتى قام بحفظ بعض عباد الله على نهج السداد كان نصيبُه من هذا المعنى أوفر. وقال القشيري: من آداب من عرف هذا الاسم أن يكون مستحييًا من اطّلاعه عليه ورؤيته له، وهي المراقبة عند أهل التحقيق: علمُ القلب باطّلاع الربّ. وهي مقامُ الإحسان الذي وصفه سيّدُنا رسولُ الله ﷺ في الحديث المذكور هنا: أن تعبد الله كأنك تراه، فإن لم تكن تراه فإنه يراك.
Al-Ghazālī says: every servant who keeps watch over his heart until he sees into its depths and its secrets, who masters the setting-right of his states and his qualities, and who keeps guard over them always, is a muhaymin over his own heart; and if his watchfulness widens until he takes some of Allah’s servants into his care and keeps them on the straight way, his share of the meaning is greater. Al-Qushayrī says: among the courtesies of one who knows this Name is to feel shame before Him, knowing He sees him — what the people of realisation call murāqabah: the heart’s knowing that its Lord is looking. It is the station of iḥsān that the Prophet ﷺ described in the ḥadīth given here: that you worship Allah as though you see Him, and if you do not see Him, He sees you.
ذوقٌ وإشارة A taste
حُكي أنّ إبراهيم بن أدهم كان يصلّي ليلةً، فلمّا جلس مدّ رجليه، فهتف به هاتف: أهكذا تُجالَس الملوك؟ وكان الجُريريّ لا يمدّ رجليه في الخلوة، ويقول: حفظُ الأدب مع الله أحقّ. فمن شهد المهيمنَ لم تكن له خلوةٌ يخلو فيها من نظره، فصارت خلوتُه كجلوته، وسرُّه كعلانيته. ومن ذاق هذا الاسم أحسّ في كلّ حالٍ رعايةً لا تنام تحرسه، فسكن إليها سكونَ الطفل في كنف أبيه، واستحيا منها استحياءَ العبد بين يدي سيّده؛ فهو أبدًا بين أُنسٍ وحياء.
It is told that Ibrāhīm ibn Adham was praying one night, and when he sat he stretched out his legs; a voice called to him: “Is this how one sits with kings?” Al-Jurayrī would never stretch out his legs even when alone, saying: “Keeping courtesy with Allah is more fitting.” Whoever has witnessed al-Muhaymin has no solitude in which he is out of His sight: his private life becomes like his public one, his secret like his open. Whoever tastes this Name feels, in every state, a care that never sleeps keeping watch over him; he rests in it as a child rests in its father’s keeping, and is shy before it as a servant is before his master — forever between intimacy and shame.
بألسنة الأئمة In their own words
معناه في حق الله عز وجل أنه القائم على خلقه بأعمالهم وأرزاقهم وآجالهم وإنما قيامه عليهم باطلاعه واستيلائه وحفظه وكل مشرف على كنه الأمر مستول عليه حافظ له فهو مهيمن عليه والإشراف يرجع إلى العلم والاستيلاء إلى كمال القدرة والحفظ إلى الفعل
Its meaning in Allah’s case is that He stands over His creation with their deeds, their provision and their appointed terms. He stands over them only by seeing them, holding them in His power and preserving them; and whoever looks down upon the inner reality of a thing, holds it in his power and keeps it, is muhaymin over it. Looking down upon it goes back to knowledge, holding it to perfect power, and keeping it to action.
كل عبد راقب قلبه حتى أشرف على أغواره وأسراره واستولى مع ذلك على تقويم أحواله وأوصافه وقام بحفظها على الدوام على مقتضى تقويمه فهو مهيمن بالإضافة إلى قلبه فإن اتسع إشرافه واستيلاؤه حتى قام بحفظ بعض عباد الله عز وجل على نهج السداد بعد اطلاعه على بواطنهم وأسرارهم بطريق التفرس والاستدلال بظواهرهم كان نصيبه من هذا المعنى أوفر وحظه أكثر
Every servant who watches over his heart until he looks down upon its depths and its secrets, and who masters besides the setting-right of his states and qualities and keeps guard over them always as that setting-right demands, is a muhaymin with respect to his heart. And if his oversight and mastery widen until he takes charge of keeping some of Allah’s servants on the path of right guidance — after coming to know their inner states and secrets by insight and by reading their outward signs — his portion of this meaning is fuller and his share larger.
ومن آداب من عرف معنى هذا الاسم أن يكون مستحييا من اطلاعه عليه ورؤيته له، وهو المراقبة عند أهل التحقيق، ومعناه علم القلب باطلاع الرب
Among the courtesies of one who knows the meaning of this Name is that he feel shame before Him for His looking upon him and seeing him. This is murāqabah among the people of realisation, and its meaning is the heart’s knowing that the Lord is looking.
The English beside each quotation is ours. Clear misprints in the printed editions are corrected.