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الْمُقَدِّمُ
al-Muqaddim
The One Who Brings Forward
الذي يُنزل الأشياءَ منازلها، فيقدّم من شاء بتقريبه وتوفيقه، ولا مؤخِّرَ لما قدّم Who sets all things in their places, and brings forward whom He wills by drawing him near; none can hold back what He brings forward
رَبِّ اغْفِرْ لِي خَطِيئَتِي وَجَهْلِي وَإِسْرَافِي فِي أَمْرِي كُلِّهِ، وَمَا أَنْتَ أَعْلَمُ بِهِ مِنِّي، اللَّهُمَّ اغْفِرْ لِي خَطَايَاىَ وَعَمْدِي وَجَهْلِي وَهَزْلِي، وَكُلُّ ذَلِكَ عِنْدِي، اللَّهُمَّ اغْفِرْ لِي مَا قَدَّمْتُ وَمَا أَخَّرْتُ وَمَا أَسْرَرْتُ وَمَا أَعْلَنْتُ، أَنْتَ الْمُقَدِّمُ، وَأَنْتَ الْمُؤَخِّرُ، وَأَنْتَ عَلَى كُلِّ شَىْءٍ قَدِيرٌ
في اللغة The word
المقدِّمُ اسمُ فاعلٍ من التقديم، وهو أن يُجعل الشيءُ قُدّامَ غيره. قال الغزالي: والقُدّامُ تارةً يكون في المكان وتارةً في الرتبة، وهو مضافٌ لا محالة إلى متأخّرٍ عنه، ولا بدّ فيه من مقصدٍ هو الغاية، بالإضافة إليه يتقدّم ما يتقدّم ويتأخّر ما يتأخّر، والمقصدُ هو الله سبحانه. ولم يأتِ الاسمان في القرآن بهذه الصيغة، وإنما جاءا مقترنين في دعاء سيّدنا رسول الله ﷺ: «أنت المقدّم وأنت المؤخّر»؛ ولذلك قال الخطّابي: الجمعُ بين هذين الاسمين أحسنُ من التفرقة.
Muqaddim is the active participle of taqdīm: setting a thing in front of another. Al-Ghazālī says: “in front” is sometimes in place and sometimes in rank; it is always relative to something behind it, and it needs a goal, the end in relation to which whatever comes forward comes forward and whatever falls back falls back — and the goal is Allah, glory be to Him. The two names do not come in the Qurʾān in this form; they come paired in the supplication of the Prophet ﷺ: “You are the One who brings forward and You are the One who puts back.” So al-Khaṭṭābī says: to join these two names is better than to part them.
في حقّه سبحانه Of Him
قال الخطّابي: هو المُنزِلُ الأشياءَ منازلها، يقدّم ما يشاء منها ويؤخّر ما يشاء؛ قدّم المقاديرَ قبل أن خلق الخلق — وفي صحيح مسلم: «كتب الله مقاديرَ الخلائق قبل أن يخلق السماوات والأرض بخمسين ألف سنة» — وقدّم من أحبّ من أوليائه على غيرهم من عبيده، ورفع الخلقَ بعضهم فوق بعضٍ درجات. وقال الحليمي: المقدّم هو المعطي لعوالي الرتب. وقال الغزالي: المقدَّمُ عند الله هو المقرَّب؛ فقد قدّم الملائكةَ، ثم الأنبياء، ثم الأولياء، ثم العلماء، وكلُّ متأخّرٍ فهو مؤخَّرٌ بالإضافة إلى ما قبله، مقدَّمٌ بالإضافة إلى ما بعده. وقال الزجّاج: هو الذي يقدّم ما يجب تقديمه، حكمًا وفعلًا، على ما أحبّ وكيف أحبّ.
Al-Khaṭṭābī says: He is the One who sets all things in their places, bringing forward what He wills of them and putting back what He wills. He set the measures ahead before He created creation — and in Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim: “Allah wrote down the measures of all creatures fifty thousand years before He created the heavens and the earth” — and He set those of His friends whom He loves ahead of the rest of His servants, and raised creation above one another in degrees. Al-Ḥalīmī says: al-Muqaddim is the Giver of the high ranks. Al-Ghazālī says: the one brought forward with Allah is the one brought near. He brought forward the angels, then the prophets, then the friends of Allah, then the scholars; and everyone behind is put back in relation to what is before him and brought forward in relation to what is after him. Az-Zajjāj says: He is the One who brings forward what must be brought forward, in judgement and in act, as He loves and how He loves.
حظُّ العبد The servant’s share
قال الغزالي: وفيه إشارةٌ إلى أنه لم يتقدّم من تقدّم بعلمه وعمله، بل بتقديم الله إيّاه. وقال القشيري في آية الواقعة المذكورة أعلاه: لم يقل المتقرّبون بل المقرّبون، فعلم الكافّةُ أنهم بتقريب ربّهم سبقوا لا بتقرّبهم. ومع ذلك فإنّ من أولياء الله، كما قال في التحبير، من يجتهد أن يكون مقدَّمًا بجدّه وجهده في العبادة والخدمة، ولا يرضى بالتخلّف عن السابقين من إخوانه، وأنشدوا: «السِّباقَ السِّباقَ قولًا وفعلًا … حذِّروا النفسَ حسرةَ المسبوق». فحظُّ العبد من هذا الاسم أن يسابق بقدمه كأنّ السبقَ بيده، ثم يشهد إذا سبق أنه قُدِّم ولم يتقدّم، فلا يرى لنفسه على أحدٍ فضلًا.
Al-Ghazālī says: and in it is a pointer that whoever came forward did not come forward by his knowledge and his deeds, but because Allah brought him forward. Al-Qushayrī says of the verse of al-Wāqiʿah above: He did not say “those who draw near” but “those brought near,” so that all might know it was by their Lord’s drawing them near that they went ahead — not by their own drawing near. And yet, as he says in at-Taḥbīr, among the friends of Allah are those who strive to be foremost by their effort and toil in worship and service, and will not accept falling behind the forerunners among their brothers; and they recited: “The race, the race, in word and deed — warn the soul of the grief of the outrun.” So the servant’s share in this name is to race with his feet as if the lead were in his hand, and then, when he is ahead, to see that he was brought forward and did not come forward himself — so he sees no merit of his own over anyone.
ذوقٌ وإشارة A taste
في الدعاء المذكور أعلاه سرٌّ لطيف: يسأل العبدُ ربَّه أن يغفر له ما قدّم وما أخّر، ثم يختم بقوله: أنت المقدِّم وأنت المؤخِّر؛ فكأنه يقول: قدّمتُ ذنوبًا وأخّرتُ طاعات، وأنت الذي تقدّم وتؤخّر على الحقيقة، فقدِّمني إليك ولا تؤخّرني عنك. وقال القشيري في لطائفه عند ذكر الظالم لنفسه والمقتصد والسابق: الظالمُ رفع زلّته بقوله «لنفسه»، والسابقُ كسر صولته بقوله «بإذن الله»، كأنه قال: يا سابق، اخفض رأسك، سبقتَ ولكن بإذن الله. فالسبقُ في هذا الطريق إذنٌ لا صولة، ومن رأى نفسه متقدّمًا فقد تأخّر من حيث لا يشعر.
In the supplication above lies a subtle secret. The servant asks his Lord to forgive what he has sent ahead and what he has left behind, and then closes: You are the One who brings forward and You are the One who puts back. It is as if he says: I sent sins ahead and held acts of obedience back, and You are the One who truly brings forward and puts back — so bring me forward to You and do not put me back from You. Al-Qushayrī says in his Laṭāʾif, on the one who wrongs himself, the one in between and the one who races ahead: the wrongdoer lifts his slip with the words “to himself,” and the forerunner breaks his pride with the words “by Allah’s leave” — as though it were said: forerunner, lower your head; you went ahead, but by Allah’s leave. Going ahead on this path is a leave given, not a feat; and whoever sees himself as ahead has fallen behind without knowing it.
بألسنة الأئمة In their own words
هو الذي يقرب ويبعد ومن قربه فقد قدمه ومن أبعده فقد أخره وقد قدم أنبياءه وأولياءه بتقريبهم وهدايتهم وأخر أعداءه بإبعادهم وضرب الحجاب بينه وبينهم
He is the One who draws near and sends away. Whomever He draws near He has brought forward, and whomever He sends away He has put back. He brought forward His prophets and His friends by drawing them near and guiding them, and put back His enemies by sending them away and setting the veil between Himself and them.
هو المنزل الأشياء منازلها يقدم ما يشاء منها ويؤخر ما شاء، قدم المقادير قبل أن خلق الخلق وقدم من أحب من أوليائه على غيرهم من عبيده ورفع الخلق بعضهم فوق بعض درجات وقدم من شاء بالتوفيق إلى مقامات السابقين، وأخر من شاء عن مراتبهم، وثبطهم عنها، وأخر الشيء عن حين توقعه لعلمه بما في عواقبه من الحكمة لا مقدم لما أخر ولا مؤخر لما قدم
He is the One who sets all things in their places, bringing forward what He wills of them and putting back what He wills. He set the measures ahead before He created creation; He set those of His friends whom He loves ahead of the rest of His servants, and raised creation above one another in degrees. He brought forward whom He willed, by granting him success, to the stations of the forerunners, and put back whom He willed from their ranks and held them back from them. And He puts a thing back from the time it is looked for, knowing the wisdom in how it ends. None can bring forward what He puts back, and none can put back what He brings forward.
ولم يقل: المتقربون، بل قال: أولئك المقربون — وهذا عين الجمع، فعلم الكافة أنهم بتقريب ربهم سبقوا — لا بتقربهم
He did not say “those who draw near,” but “Those are the ones brought near” — and this is the very station of union; so all came to know that it was by their Lord’s drawing them near that they went ahead — not by their own drawing near.
The English beside each quotation is ours. Clear misprints in the printed editions are corrected.